Albert Einstein

    Albert Einstein

                                                   ------------------------------ 

     

Albert Einstein ( German : Albert Einstein) ( 14 March 1879 - 18 April 1955 ) U.S. Swiss Germannationality, Jewish Religion, one of the most important scientists in physics . Known as Abu relative being the author of the theory of special relativity and the theory of general relativity famous private, which was the first building block for Theoretical Physics modern, won in the year 1921 on the Nobel Prize in physics for research paper on the photoelectric effect within three hundred scientific papers again him in the equality of matter and energy and quantum mechanics and others, led proven Asantajath to explain many of the scientific phenomena that classical physicsfailed to prove. Great intelligence made ​​the word "Einstein" synonymous with " genius . "

Contents 1 life 2 Plugs of his life 3 work 4 special theory of relativity 5 mid-life 6 physical properties of the photon 7 subsequent years 8 recent years and his death 9 relationship to politics and Israel

His life

Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany, on March 14, 1879, to Jewish parents and spent age Avaath in Munich . His father was "Herman Einstein's" works in the sale of feathers used in themanufacture of pillows, and his mother worked "Ni Pauline Koch" with him in the management of a small workshop for the manufacture of electrical appliances after abandoning his career selling feathers. Delayed Einstein child in pronunciation even three years old, but he showed a passion for great nature , and the ability to understand the concepts sports difficult, has been studied aloneEuclidean geometry , and despite his affiliation to Judaism , has entered Einstein School juniorCatholic and received lessons in playing the violin. In the five-year-old father gave him a compass , Einstein then have realized that there is strength in the space affect the compass needle and you move it. He was suffering from difficulty in absorption, and was probably due to a shy in his childhood. Rumour has it that Einstein child has failed in mathematics later, however, unlikely that the amendment in the evaluation scores of pupils at the time that the child is raised Einstein had been delayed and failed in mathematics . And two uncles built Einstein sponsorship and support this child attention to science in general Vzodah the books related to science and mathematics . After repeated losses workshop, which was established by his parents in 1894 , his family moved to the city of Pavia in Italy , and took advantage of Einstein's son the opportunity to withdraw fromschool in Munich where hatred strict regime and stifling Spirit. He spent Beyond Einstein Year with his parents in the city of Milan until found to be due upon determining his way in life فأنهى high school in the town of Arua Swiss , offering after exams Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich in 1895, has been loved Einstein methods of teaching it, and was often Maigtta of his time to studying physics alone, or playing on his violin, that passed the exams and graduated in 1900, but the teachers did not Arahoh to enter the university.

Plugs of his life

• Counting the first predicted the existence of what is known as ultrasound gravitational ., which succeeded physicists of monitoring on the face of موارب and twisted, as it and that did not seem apparent, but track left fingerprints on its existence. appear more Matzar when swim celestial enormous space باتقاد and momentum ^[1] .

• It تكهناته faith impossibility of speed measurement basis for nanoparticle accuracy and vibrating randomly towards different directions what is known as Brownian motion ., but a century later, enabling the world named Marc Risen from the refutation of this argument practical laboratory research at the University of Texas and was able to measure the speed basis for telecom objects, in midst اختباراته for equal distribution law, which decides that the particle kinetic energy purely dependent on temperature and not on its mass or size., thanks to those tests proved experimenting health law to Brownian objects ^[2] .

• During a meeting with the newspaper in the city of Bazbriq , understatement Einstein ability of scientists to split corn corrected shells protonated , describing them like that and let loose at night toward the birds in the country is not in it, but a few of the birds. This is irrefutableFermi and his long 10 years when Htroa corn and made ​​a nuclear bomb ^{[ 3]}

Einstein was to have waived the German official papers in 1896, making him without an identity proof of identity or affiliation to any particular country, and in 1898, he met Einstein " Marek Mylva of Mileva Maric"Colleague Serbian school and signed in love, and it was in the period of the study discuss with his closest friends in the scientific topics. After graduating in 1900, Einstein's work as a teacher substitute, and the following year won the right to citizenship Swiss , and Rizk girl illegally from his girlfriend اسمياها ( for Asearl) in January (January) of the year 1901.

Einstein's house in Arua

Albert Einstein in 1893 (14 years)

Work

Main articles  : General Theory of Relativity , Photoelectric phenomenon

Most of what he took Einstein in his theory of special relativity was English scientist Isaac Newton .Audacity Einstein in his youth prevented him from getting a suitable job in teaching wire, but with the help of the father of a fellow school he got a job Tester (lab) in the Office of Swiss invention registration in 1902. He married Einstein of his girlfriend "Mylva" on January 6 (January) 1903 and Rizk son bore the name "Hans" in 14 of May 1904, and in the meantime has become the work of Einstein at the registration desk Swiss always, and the preparation for doctoral dissertation at the same period, and managed to get a doctorate in 1905 from the University of Zurich , and was the subject of the message is about the dimensions of the particles, and in the same year he wrote Einstein 4 scientific articles without reference to many of the scientific literature or consult with his fellow academics, and this is scientific articles the first step of Physics Modern that we know today. Einstein studied at first paper مايعرف the name of Brownian motion , introduced many of the predictions about the movement of particles randomly distributed in the fluid. Einstein knew "the father of relativity," the theory that shook the world from the scientific side, but the Nobel Prize was awarded to him in another area ( photoelectric effect ), which was the subject of the second paper.

Special theory of relativity

Main article  : special theory of relativity

Paper Einstein's scientific third was for " special theory of relativity , "Vtnolt paper time , and place, and mass , and energy , and contributed to Einstein's theory remove the ambiguity that resulted from the experience famous conducted by الأمريكيان physicist "Albert Michelson and chemist EdwardMorley , "the late nineteenth century in 1887 , has proved Einstein that waves of light can be spread in the open without the need for a center or area, unlike the waves of other well-known that need to be the center dotted with such as air or water and that the speed of light is constant speed and not relative with the movement of the observer (observed), it should be noted that Einstein's theory that completely contradicted the conclusions of "Isaac Newton . " Theory بالخاصة the label came to distinguish between them and the subsequent Einstein's theory which was named general relativity.

Einstein with Niels Bohr in 1925

Albert Einstein in 1947

.

Mid-life

In the year 1906 amounted Einstein in the career ladder of rank checker lab technician first to rank checker technician second class, and in 1908 granting leave to take lessons and lectures from "Byrne "in Switzerland , and was born the second child of Einstein, who was called "Edward" on July 28 ( July) 1910, and Einstein divorced after 14 his wife Mylva in February 1919 and later married the daughter of his uncle "Ilsa وينثال the" three years older than him on 2 June 1919. For ايعلم one until this time nothing about the fate of a child Einstein first is the legality of his wife Mylva as some believe she died in infancy, and others believe that her parents أعطياها those who do not boys for him to adopt, but for the children of Einstein, were injured, one illness schizophrenia and died in After the spa, who took mental treatment and care. The second son, moved to the U.S. state ofCalifornia in which to live and then became a professor (Dr.) at the university, and his contacts were with his father, is very limited.

In 1914 and prior to the First World War , he settled Einstein in the city, " Berlin " German , was not Einstein advocates of the war but it was Germany of Jews , Mmazbb sense nationalists Germans upset about this man, and flared this resentment to Einstein by nationalists Germans when he became Einstein known at the global level after he exited magazine " TIME " America on 7 November (November) 1919, an article confirms the correctness of Einstein's theory of gravity .

Physical properties of the photon

Photon colorless Ketlhatina silence and electric charge ^[4] decays in the empty space. ^[5] [6] .

The relationship between the energy and momentum of the photon movement is " E = pc, "Where the" E"Is the energy and the" p"Is the amount of momentum vector of movement and " c"Is the speed of light ^[7] . energy and momentum of the movement of either photon depend only on its frequency ( Ν) Or equal to the wavelength ( Λ):

As the " K"Is a" wave vector "and" Ω"Is the angular frequency and " ħ"Is Planck's constant ^[8] .

Subsequent years

The arrival of the commander Nazi Adolf Hitler to power in 1933 increased hatred toward Einstein فاتهمه nationalists Socialists ( Nazis ) the establishment of " Physics of Judaism ", also tried some German scientists to undermine the rights of Einstein in his theories which prompted Einstein to flee to the United States of America , which awarded him turn a durable, and engaged in "Institute for Advanced Studies" at the University of Princeton in New Jersey , in 1939, wrote his famous letter to U.S. President Roosevelt to call the need to expedite the production of the bomb before the Germans, before emigrating to the United States. In 1940 , Einstein became an American citizen while retaining his nationality Swiss .

Recent years and death

In 0.1955, died Einstein, and the burning of his body in the city, "Trenton" in the state of " New Jersey "on 18 April 1955 and scattering the ashes of the body in an undisclosed location, and save the brain world Einstein in a jar at the coroner" Thomas Harvey , "which The autopsy after his death. Einstein has recommended that reservation Msaudath and correspondence at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem , and transfer the rights to use his name and image to this university.

Israel and its relationship to politics

Not Einstein's position, at the beginning of his life at least, refusing to Zionism . He grew up and educated in Germany . Therefore, it has been believed in the idea of organic people, and that features national biological attributes inherited, not acquired cultural attributes. Has stated that the Jew remains a Jew even if abandoned his religion. Einstein was expressed on several occasions expressed his enthusiasm for the Zionist project and his support, and even participated in several activities Zionism ^[9] . But Einstein's position on this is not final, as amended for these positions later, it was stated that the National childlike disease, and that the original nature of Judaism are incompatible with the idea of creating a Jewish state with borders, army and worldly authority. He expressed his fears of internal damage which Jewish ستتكبده, if the implementation of the Zionist program, and in this rejection of the Zionist ideology and the idea of Jewish history one. For this reason, and in the same year, the Zionist affiliations and interpreted in accordance with the principles cultural, فصرح and that the value of Zionism for him lies mainly in the «  educational and unifying impact on the Jews in various countries  . This statement involves a belief in the need to preserve the Jewish communities scattered throughout the world and the heritage, also refers to the possibility of coexistence between Jews and non-Jews all over the world. In 1946 , he appeared before the Anglo-American Committee and expressed his dissatisfaction with the idea of a Jewish state, and added: «  I was always against this idea  . This is an exaggeration of the part as it is, as noted before, made ​​statements carry the meaning of full support for the idea of Jewish nationalism on the basis of customary law. The thing that bothered Einstein and Oqlgah more than any other is the problem of the Arabs. In a letter sent to Weizmann in 1920 , Einstein warned Arab ignoring the problem, and advised the Zionists to avoid « relying so heavily on the British  , and seek to cooperate with the Arabs and to hold charters honor them. The Einstein alerted to the danger inherent in the Zionist immigration. Einstein did not diminish the efforts of or interest in the Arabs over the years. In a letter dated April 1948 , is supported and Rabbi Leo Pike position RabbiJudea Magenas, who was promoting the idea of establishing a joint state (Arab-Jewish), adding that he was speaking on behalf of the principles that are the most important contribution made ​​by the Jewish people to humanity. It is known that Einstein refused to accept the post of President of the Zionist state when he offered it.

After the founding of the State of Israel presented to the Einstein take over as head of state inIsrael , but he refused, preferring not to engage in politics and gave a presentation of several points of coexistence between Jews and Arabs in Palestine . The document sent by Einstein indicate that it was quite far away from knowing things and complexity of the political and far from any knowledge of the ideas upon which the Zionist Israel . The Israeli government has offered to Einstein's head of state in 1952, but Einstein rejected the Israeli offer, saying: "I am a man of science and I'm not a politician . " ^[10] . At the end of his life accused the CIA of the communistorientation that made ​​a scathing criticism of the capitalist system, which did not amuse him. In 1952, Einstein wrote in a letter to the Belgian queen mother: "I've become a kind of naughty in the new national because of my ability to silence and patience in everything that happens here."